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BLUMSTEIN COHEN FELDBERG GROSSMAN JACOBS KAMINSKY KASLE TENNEBAUM VISHNICK WEINZIMMER
OUR DNA TESTING AND RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
The DNA testing we are having done is performed on samples taken by simply scraping up against the inside cheek of a family member with a sterile swab, and sending the sample off to a laboratory for analysis. The testing gives us two kinds of information: the likely migration patterns of our ancestors, and an exact DNA fingerprint which can be used to confirm relationships and to find hitherto unknown relatives.
So, what is DNA, anyhow? If you have not studied any science, you might not know that DNA is a special kind of molecule that occurs in all of our cells. It is that part of all of the cells of our bodies that contains messages saying whether we are a boy or a girl, what color our eyes, hair and skin are, whether we are short or tall, what our blood type is, and all kinds of other things. For a longer, simplified explanation of what genes are and do, you can click here for recommended reading.
These DNA messages are passed from parents to their children, and DNA scientists have various theories about where the ancestors of people whose DNA fingerprints match certain patterns, lived many centuries ago. These patterns have been given names, like A, B, B1, B2, C, and so on. When DNA testing is performed on someone, their DNA can be compared to these patterns, and if their DNA matches one of these patterns, which are called haplotypes, then they are assigned to a haplogroup that corresponds to that haplotype.
Once one of our family members has been assigned to a haplogroup, we can then read about the ancient history of other people who belong to this haplogroup, and learn where our ancestors were likely to have come from and moved to many, many centuries ago.
Male or Y Chromosome Testing
Our Y-chromosome DNA testing, testing of the Y-DNA, is based on that part of the DNA molecule which is only passed from male to male, from father to son. It only looks at male or paternal lineage. Women do not receive or carry this kind of DNA.
The Y-DNA test results enable us to compare the pattern of our family member's Y DNA fingerprint to those of other living males. We are looking for a perfect match for all the points along the DNA molecule that are being compared, which are called markers. If our Y DNA matches perfectly for all of the 37 or 67 basic Y-DNA markers we are comparing, then we have found a cousin.
The Y-DNA testing can be performed on fewer markers, such as 12 markers or 25 markers. But we are primarily using 37 marker tests for our Y DNA, because a match on fewer markers would not be very meaningful if we want to know if someone is related to us in recent history. Most Y-DNA testing yields many, many 12 marker matches with other people who have entered their test results in online databases. If there are no identical matches at the 12 marker level, until one or more people with the same 12 marker values put their results online, there can be no identical matches for a higher number of markers because the 25 and 37 marker tests include the initial 12 markers.
As mentioned above, in many populations, there are many, many matches at the 12 marker level of testing. So, when there is a lack or very low number of perfect matches at 12 markers, it is highly unusual, suggesting either some major DNA shift, or that most members of the line perished in some kind of natural or man-made calamities or disaster(s), such as major flooding, pogroms, the Holocaust or, more likely, that our distant cousins are living in an area where, whether due to cultural, language or financial reasons, people are not purchasing DNA tests for genealogical purposes. It is an expensive addition to genealogy as a hobby, and not something that can be afforded by that large a proportion of the world's population.
Female or Maternal Chromosome Testing
Our maternal or mtDNA testing is based on that part of the DNA molecule that mothers pass on to all their children, both their daughters and their sons. So, mtDNA testing for common maternal lineage can be performed on anyone, but the results will tell us just the migration of their mother's mother's mother's maternal line, revealing DNA patterns going back the maternal line many thousands of years. Men cannot pass their mtDNA on to their children, it is only passed from women to their children.
Autosomal Chromosome Testing
Autosomal DNA testing is now also available from a variety of laboratories. Autosomal chromosomes can be passed to children of either sex by either parent, and gives us the option of comparing our autosomal chromosome fingerprints with people we think are related, even when there is no one available to test as a direct line male or direct line female descendant for testing either Y-DNA or mt-DNA.
We are exploring working with this type of testing as an additional tool in helping us connect with distant, hitherto unknown cousins. And, we definitely will be testing autosomal DNA using FamilyTreeDNA's Family Finder for some of our families. Please do contact us if you are interested in learning more, participating, or helping fund this testing.
Interpreting DNA Test Results
So, you have your or your family member's DNA test results, or are about to read about them below. What do all the numbers mean? How you interpret the results depends on what your reasons are for getting tested, as well as what kinds of tests were performed and which company performed the testing.
In our case, we are having simple genealogical testing done, to answer genealogical questions. We could examine each and every number in an effort to learn what particular portion of the DNA molecule they correspond to, and what the various specific numbers mean. However, we have chosen to focus our attention, instead, on the summary measures and on locating other people whose profiles match ours.
We have posted the specific results for our Y DNA and mtDNA testing here only in order that if, per chance, someone happens to be looking for DNA matches using a search engine instead of a DNA database for locating matches, it will increase the chances they can find us. So, if the numbers do not make any sense, don't worry about it, the most important thing for us is to see if our numbers match those of someone else.
[Our Research and Our Privacy Policy
We have ordered DNA testing for the families mentioned on this page, in the hopes that we will be able to find out more about our history and find "lost" cousins who we can work together with in expanding our family history and family tree. The basic results below are just the bare bones numbers defining our DNA fingerprints, and the more meaningful results of history learned via connections made with any newly found cousins will be posted once results have been studied more intensely or relationships have been confirmed. So, do check back occasionally or contact us if you want to be informed of our progress.
Please note that, in accordance with our strict privacy policy, no information about any person`s DNA test results is published here without their expressed, eager permission. First names of living people are obviously also not available on this page for reasons of confidentiality.
OUR MALE Y DNA RESULTS
Feldberg
Results of our Feldberg Y-chromosome DNA testing performed by http://familytreeDNA.com are consistent with that of haplogroup R1a1. This haplogroup is thought to be associated with the Kurgan culture, which is known for having domesticated the horse about 5000 years ago. About 55% of Russians belong to this haplogroup, which also has members in the Slavic, western Asian and Indian cultures. For suggested further reading about this haplogroup, click here.
If you would like to read more about what our Feldberg DNA results mean, practically speaking, then click here.
Our Feldberg Y-DNA results are posted as user 6AD3P at http://ysearch.org. The results of our initial 12-marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 1 (1-12)
Locus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DYS# 393 390 19* 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389-1 392 389-2
Alleles 13 25 16 10 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 30
*Also known as DYS 394
The results of our Feldberg Panel 2 of the 37 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 2 (13-25)
Locus 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DYS# 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a** 464b** 464c** 464d**
Alleles 14 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 31 12 12 15 15
**Values for these particular markers were adjusted down by familytreedna by 1 point because of a change in lab nomenclature in May 2003.
The results of our Feldberg Panel 3 of the 37 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 3 (26-37)
Locus 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
DYS# 460 GATA H4 YCA IIa YCA IIb 456 607 576 570 CDYa CDYb 442 438
Alleles 11 11 19 23 14 16 19 20 35 39 14 11
We have also obtained testing for the additional 30 markers of the 67 marker Y-DNA test for Feldberg. The results of the first 9 markers for this panel of our Feldberg 67 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 4 (38-47)
Locus 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
DYS# 531 578 395S1a 395S1b 590 537 641 472 406S1 511
Alleles 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10
The next 13 markers of our Feldberg Panel 4 of the 67 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 4 (48-60)
Locus 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
DYS# 425 413a 413b 557 594 436 490 534 450 444 481 520 446
Alleles 12 22 22 15 10 12 12 13 8 14 23 21 12
Here are the results of the final 7 markers of the 67 marker test for our Feldberg family Y-DNA.
PANEL 4 (61-67)
Locus 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
DYS# 617 568 487 572 640 492 565
Alleles 12 11 13 10 11 12 13
If you wish to learn about our Feldberg family history, click here, and if you wish to view our family tree, which includes our Feldberg ancestors, click here.
Grossman
Results of our Grossman Y-chromosome DNA testing performed by http://familytreeDNA.com reveal haplogroup R1b1b2 M269+. People with this haplogroup are thought to have left the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East over 10,000 years ago, and spread to Eurasia before spreading out over Europe. For suggested reading about this haplogroup, click here.
Our Grossman Y-DNA results are posted as user 8BAK8 at http://ysearch.org. Results of the first 12 markers of our Grossman Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 1 (1-12)
Locus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DYS# 393 390 19* 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389-1 392 389-2
Alleles 12 23 14 11 12 15 12 12 12 14 14 29
*Also known as DYS 394
The results of our Grossman Panel 2 of the Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 2 (13-25)
Locus 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DYS# 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a** 464b** 464c** 464d**
Alleles 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 16 17
**Values for these particular markers were adjusted down by familytreedna by 1 point because of a change in lab nomenclature in May 2003.
The results of our Grossman Panel 3 of the Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 3 (26-37)
Locus 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
DYS# 460 GATA H4 YCA IIa YCA IIb 456 607 576 570 CDYa CDYb 442 438
Alleles 11 11 19 23 17 15 17 16 36 39 12 12
If you wish to learn about our Grossman family history, click here, and if you wish to view our family tree, which includes our Grossman relatives and ancestors, click here.
Kaminsky
Results of our Kaminsky Y-chromosome DNA testing performed by http://familytreeDNA.com reveal membership in haplogroup T M70+. Haplogroup T apparently split off from haplogroup K about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago, with its members travelling from the middle east out around the Mediterranean and other parts of Asia and Africa. The T Y-DNA haplogroup has been found in about 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews.
Ancestry.com has called the ancient members of haplotype T, "the valley farmers" . Not all other sources mention this, but they claim that this haplotype populated areas around the Tigris River where agriculture developed.
This haplogroup also has the distinction of having the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, as a member. This neither means that Jefferson is an ancestor of ours, nor that he necessarily had Jewish ancestors. What this does mean is that, tens of thousands of years ago, our male Kaminsky ancestors and his shared a forebear. For suggested further reading about haplogroup T, click here.
Our Kaminsky Y-DNA results have posted under the ID of CCW8F at http://ysearch.org. The exact values of our Kaminsky Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 1 (1-12)
Locus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DYS# 393 390 19* 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389-1 392 389-2
Alleles 13 23 14 11 14 16 11 12 11 14 13 30
*Also known as DYS 394
The results of our Kaminsky Panel 2 of the 37 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 2 (13-25)
Locus 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
DYS# 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a** 464b** 464c** 464d** 464e** 464f**
Alleles 17 9 9 11 13 26 14 20 34 11 11 11 13 16 18
**Values for these particular markers were adjusted down by familytreedna by 1 point because of a change in lab nomenclature in May 2003.
Here are the results of the third panel of the 37 marker test for our Kaminsky family Y-DNA.
PANEL 3 (26-37)
Locus 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
DYS# 460 GATA H4 YCA IIa YCA IIb 456 607 576 570 CDYa CDYb 442 438
Alleles 10 10 23 23 17 14 17 16 35 36 11 9
We have also upgraded our Kaminsky Y-DNA to 67 markers. The results of the first 9 markers of the additional 30 markers are:
PANEL 4 (38-47)
Locus 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
DYS# 531 578 395S1a 395S1b 590 537 641 472 406S1 511
Alleles 11 8 17 17 8 11 11 8 12 9
The next 13 markers of our Kaminsky Panel 4 of the 67 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 4 (48-60)
Locus 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
DYS# 425 413a 413b 557 594 436 490 534 450 444 481 520 446
Alleles 12 20 20 17 10 12 12 14 8 11 22 19 14
Here are the results of the final 7 markers of the 67 marker test for our Kaminsky family Y-DNA.
PANEL 4 (61-67)
Locus 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
DYS# 617 568 487 572 640 492 565
Alleles 11 12 14 10 12 12 11
If you wish to find out about our Kaminsky family history and Kamienetsky ancestors, click here, and if you wish to explore our Kaminsky family tree, click here.
Kaplansky/Cohen
Results of our Kaplansky/Cohen Y-chromosome DNA testing performed by http://familytreeDNA.com are consistent with that of haplogroup J2. This haplogroup is thought to have originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent, after which it spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and into India. It is thought to have originated at least 10,000 years ago, and research shows that a major portion of Cohanim belong to J2 and the closely related haplogroup J1. For suggested further reading about this haplogroup, click here.
Our Kaplansky/Cohen Y-DNA results are posted as user RW9DE at http://ysearch.org. Results of the first 12 markers of our Kaplansky/Cohen Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 1 (1-12)
Locus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DYS# 393 390 19* 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389-1 392 389-2
Alleles 12 23 15 10 14 17 10 15 11 13 11 29
*Also known as DYS 394
The results of our Kaplansky/Cohen Panel 2 of the 37 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 2 (13-25)
Locus 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DYS# 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a** 464b** 464c** 464d**
Alleles 15 8 9 11 11 24 15 21 32 12 13 17 18
**Values for these particular markers were adjusted down by familytreedna by 1 point because of a change in lab nomenclature in May 2003.
The results of our Kaplansky/Cohen Panel 3 of the 37 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 3 (26-37)
Locus 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
DYS# 460 GATA H4 YCA IIa YCA IIb 456 607 576 570 CDYa CDYb 442 438
Alleles 10 11 19 23 16 14 18 18 36 37 12 9
*Also known as DYS 394
If you wish to learn about our Kaplansky/Cohen family history, click here, or you can visit our Jacobs Family Tree home page, which explains how to navigate the tree and has quick links for each branch, including our Kaplansky/Cohen family.
Vishnick
Results of our Vishnick Y-chromosome DNA testing performed by http://familytreeDNA.com reveal haplogroup R1b1b2. This haplogroup is an offshoot of R1b1, of which the ancestors, as mentioned above, are thought to have left the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East over 10,000 years ago, and spread to Eurasia before spreading out over Europe.
The R1b1b2 haplogroup was originally thought to be a distinct offshoot of R1b, and was called R1b3 and then, after further research, R1b1c. But additional research has shown that it actually seems to have branched off from R1b1.
According to a Wikipedia article, research suggests that the R1b1b2 group existed before the last Ice Age and that it was associated with the Aurignacian culture which existed from about 32,000 B.C. to 21,000 BC. The precise migration pattern is uncertain, but the Aurignacian culture is thought to be associated with the Cro-Magnon people, the first modern humans to enter Europe, and to be the first documented human artists, who created sophisticated cave paintings.
However, the information provided at http://familytreeDNA.com is contrarary to this, stating that the R1b3 group developed about 1,800 to 2,000 years ago. For suggested further reading about this haplogroup, click here.
Our Vishnick Y-DNA results are posted as member S37A5 at http://ysearch.org. Results for the first 12 markers of our Vishnick 37-marker Y-DNA test are as follows:
PANEL 1 (1-12)
Locus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DYS# 393 390 19* 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389-1 392 389-2
Alleles 12 24 14 10 11 14 11 12 12 13 14 30
*Also known as DYS 394
The results of our Vishnick Panel 2 of the 37 marker Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 2 (13-25)
Locus 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DYS# 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a** 464b** 464c** 464d**
Alleles 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 18 30 15 15 16 16
The results of our Vishnick Panel 3 of the Y-DNA test are:
PANEL 3 (26-37)
Locus 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
DYS# 460 GATA H4 YCA IIa YCA IIb 456 607 576 570 CDYa CDYb 442 438
Alleles 11 10 19 23 17 16 17 17 38 40 12 12
If you wish to learn about our Vishnick family history, click here, and if you wish to view our family tree, which includes our Vishnick ancestors and relatives, click here.
Maternal DNA Results
The mtDNA results listed below are those of various relatives. We have not been able to test the mtDNA for our matriarch Lena Bernstein Grossman because her only daughter had no children, nor for our matriarch Leah Liss Feldberg because her daughters have no living appropriate direct female line descendants. If you are interested assisting by helping fund or provide a sample for the mtDNA for another matriarch in our family, please email us.
Sosnowitz - Tannenbaum Maternal DNA
We have maternal DNA results for a descendant of Emil Grossman's wife, Irene Tannenbaum, who we do not believe is related to the Tennebaum family of Israel Tennebaum. Irene's mother was Lottie Sosnowitz, who was born in Russia and passed away in Colorado in 1924.
The haplogroup of this maternal line is I, and it's mtDNA results are posted under the listing for member 8BAK8 at http://mitosearch.org. The DNA mutations for this line, relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) in HVR1, are:
16129A 16223T 16264T 16270T 16311C 16319A 16362C 16391A 16519C
These Sosnowitz - Tannenbaum maternal DNA results revealing membership in haplogroup I (and probably in the I2 subgroup) are consistent with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry. For suggested further reading about haplogroup I, click here.
Shapiro - Dworkin Maternal DNA
We have the maternal DNA results of a descendant of Freda Pesha Shapiro from Pinsk, in what is now Belarus. Freda married Isaac Dworkin, and passed away in Russia in 1913. We know she had a sister named Rivke Shapiro, who married a man whose name was Zalman.
Our Dworkin-Shapiro mtDNA results have been posted as member CCW8F at http://mitosearch.org.
The haplogroup of this maternal line is U1b, and the DNA mutations, relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for HVR1, are:
16104T 16111T 16249C 16327T 16519C
These mitochondrial DNA results placing them in haplogroup U1b are consistent with ancient Mediterranean and Eastern European ancestry. For suggested further reading about haplogroup U1b, click here.
Feldberg - Vishnick Maternal DNA
We have the maternal DNA results of a descendant of Channah Feldberg, who lived in Makow in the Lomza Province/Warsaw Gubernia area of Poland in the late 1800s. Channah was the second wife of Lazarus Vishnick (Wiznik), whose first wife was Channah's sister Esther Feldberg.
The haplogroup of this maternal line is HV, and the DNA mutations, relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for HVR1, are:
16067T 16182C 16183C 16189C 16519C
If you wish to learn about our Feldberg family history, click here, and if you wish to view our family tree, which includes our Vishnick and Feldberg ancestors, click here.
Kaminsky-Tennebaum Maternal DNA
We have the maternal DNA results of a descendant of Rachel Kaminsky, who was born around 1855 in Odessa or Osova and married Israel Tennebaum. Her sister Feige Kaminsky married Hyman Kasle and her brother Tevye Kaminsky married Pearl Naiman, all in or around Osowa in Volhynia Gubernia, Ukraine.
Our Kaminsky-Tennebaum mtDNA results are posted as member RW9DE at http://mitosearch.org.
The haplogroup of this maternal line is H, and the DNA mutations, relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for HVR1 and HVR2, are:
HVR1: 16172C 16222T 16299G 16519C
HVR2: 146C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
If you wish to learn more about our Kaminsky family history and ancestors, click here, or you can go to our Kaminsky family tree home page, which has vignettes and quick links to various views of the tree.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GENES ARE AND DO
I have added this section of recommended simple learning resources for those readers with extremely limited or no knowledge about DNA. If you already know the basics that are often generally taught in high school science classes, you can skip to the next section for recommended reading about Y DNA.
The following website is a simplified explanation of what genes are and do. It is a multipage explanation geared towards a young audience and includes pictures to help children learn about genes.
Making it in a Tough Environment -- You and Your Genes!
http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/stories/genes/index.htm
FURTHER READING ABOUT Y DNA
The following page is an excellent general overview and listing of known Y DNA haplogroups:
http://www.kerchner.com/haplogroups-ydna.htm
While the following article focuses on the geographic spread and ethnic origins of European haplogroups, it has a very readable explanations about most Y and mitochrondrial DNA haplogroups:
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml
The following page is a theoretical explanation of what genetic haplogroups are and includes a listing of which haplogroups are thought to have branched off from the others:
http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Haplogroup_R1a1_(Y-DNA)/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)/Haplogroups
If you get lost trying to understand the above general discussions, here is a page which provides concise summary of Kerchener's haplogroup descriptions:
http://www.bobhay.net/_downloads/_genes/YDNA_mtDNA_Haplogroup_Descriptions.pdf
Haplogroup J2
Haplogroups J1 and J2 along with their parent J are among the most well studied of the haplogroups, in part because of the interest in the DNA lineage of the Jewish Cohanim tribe.
The following two wikipedia pages may be a bit too technical for the novice, but they have interesting migration and distribution maps and statistics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J2_(Y-DNA)
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Haplogroup_J2_(Y-DNA)
The following article about the geographic spread and ethnic origins of European haplogroups has a nice section about the history of the J family of haplotypes:
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml#J
The following easy to understand webpage summarizes many basic facts about J2 without getting too technical:
http://www.j2abraham.com
The following J2 y-dna project webpage is an excellent starting point for more serious study of J2.
http://www.j2-ydnaproject.org/
Haplogroup K
Haplogroup K is one of the oldest haplogroups, and the forebear of many haplogroups. The following provides a good basic introduction to the Y DNA haplogroup K and the history of it's subtypes:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(Y-DNA)
The following article about the geographic spread and ethnic origins of European haplogroups has a nice section about the K haplotype:
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml#K
R1a1
The following is a good discussion of the R1a1 haplogroup theories including maps:
http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Haplogroup_R1a1_(Y-DNA)
The following wikipedia article is more technical in tone, but you may find useful information there as well:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a1_(Y-DNA)
R1b1
R1b1 is a subgroup of the R1b haplogroup. The following is a good discussion of the R1b haplogroup theories including maps:
http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Haplogroup_R1a1_(Y-DNA)/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)
The following wikipedia article is also more technical but you may find useful information there as well:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)
R1b1b2
The following page has a long discussion of the R1b1b2 haplotype, including discussion of the suggested migration and associated culture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1b#R1b1b2
T
Here is a page about haplotype T, which was formerly called K2, and is an offshoot of the K haplotype mentioned above:
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)
The following page is a somewhat technical, similar discussion of haplogroup T:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)
And the following next two recommended pages talk about the discovery of Thomas Jefferson's membership in haplogroup T. For an excellent article about research about Thomas Jefferson's membership in haplogroup T, as well as a very clear discussion about it's ancient origins, see:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6332545.stm
Here is the abstract of the research study about Jefferson's DNA, which was published in an anthropology journal:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114108057/abstract
FURTHER READING ABOUT MT DNA
The following page provides a very short, simple introduction to MT (Mitochondrial) DNA, and includes a chart showing how the various subgroups are related to each other:
http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Haplogroup_M_%28mtDNA%29/Mitochrondrial_DNA_Haplogroups
Haplogroup I or Iris
The following page provides a short, simple explanation of what haplogroup I is:
http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Haplogroup_M_%28mtDNA%29/Mitochrondrial_DNA_Haplogroups/Haplogroup_I_(mtDNA)
Bonnie Schrack's haplogroup I homepage provides an enjoyable, somewhat artistic introduction to and history of the I haplogroup, whose matriarch has been given the name Iris:
http://www.ancientrootsresearch.com/Hap-I/Hap-I-home.html
Haplogroup U
The following provides a good basic introduction to the maternal DNA haplogroup U and it's subtypes:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)
The following, clearly written article is a more technically detailed summary of haplotype U1a and U1b research, providing a lot more information about the U1a and U1b haplotypes:
http://www.cagetti.com/Genetics/U1a-haplogroup.html
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The DNA results on this page are available to us because of gracious contributions by members of our families who helped pay for the tests, and those members of our families who contributed the DNA samples. We are deeply indebted and grateful for their interest and support.
Page Last Modified November 17, 2011
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